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North America’s oldest known pterosaur, a flying reptile the size of a “small seagull,” discovered in Arizona, researchers say

For paleontologist Ben Kligman, the question was: Is this fragile jawbone a pterosaur or not?

Other researchers also had questions about the fossil, unearthed along with thousands of others during a decades-long archaeological dig at a remote bone bed in the Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. Some thought the bone could’ve been a mammal, Kligman told CBS News.

Now, their new research offers insight into North America’s oldest known flying reptile that Kligman and other paleontologists say was the size of a “small seagull.”

The Smithsonian-led paper, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal, details the new pterosaur fossil discovery along with several others, providing insight into the late Triassic period.

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Ben Kligman, a Peter Buck Postdoctoral Fellow and paleontologist at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, quarrying a bonebed in Arizona’s Petrified Forest National Park in 2025.BEN KLIGMAN

Kligman remembers looking at the jawbone under a microscope at the Smithsonian — where he is a Peter Buck postdoctoral fellow and where the fossil had been sent — and running through his “Rolodex” of Triassic jaw anatomy, thinking about what species could have a similar jaw. He wanted to solve the mystery of where the delicate jawbone belonged.

Through the process of elimination, and thinking of the features pterosaurs have that no other animal has, Kligman said he and other researchers were able to conclude that, “Oh yeah, this is definitely a pterosaur — therefore, this is a very important discovery.”

The team named the pterosaur the Eotephradactylus mcintireae, which means “ash-winged dawn goddess.” The species name references its discoverer, Suzanne McIntire, who volunteered in the Smithsonian’s FossiLab for 18 years.

McIntire discovered the pterosaur fossil, which had been brought to the museum from the Petrified Forest National Park along with 1,200 other individual fossils, including bones, teeth, fish scales and coprolites, or fossilized excrement.

Volunteers painstakingly clean each fossil, flag ones of interest and perform other fossil conservation tasks. McIntire unearthed the jawbone and noticed the teeth were still in the bone, making it easier to identify.

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Volunteers working on fossils from a Petrified Forest National Park bonebed in the FossiLab at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History.BEN KLIGMAN

The winged reptile — a close cousin of dinosaurs and the first animals after insects to evolve powered flight — would’ve been small enough to comfortably perch on a person’s shoulder.

“It could’ve sat on your shoulder, like a small seagull,” Kligman said of the species.

Researchers were able to date the fossil back to 209.2 million years ago — an unusually precise date, Kligman said, because of the level of volcanic ash where the fossil was found. The finding helps fill in a gap in the fossil record that predates the end-Triassic extinction, he said. Very few pterosaur fossils exist, Kligman said. After their extinction, their fragile bones preserved poorly, so pterosaur fossils are frequently incomplete. They also did not live close to places where fossils tend to form.

An artist's reconstruction of the fossilized creature
An artist’s reconstruction of the fossilized landscape, plants and animals found preserved in a remote bonebed in Petrified Forest National Park in ArizonaILLUSTRATION BY BRIAN ENGH

“It helps us understand what a pterosaur was and how they became what they would become,” Kligman said.

Along with the pterosaur, the study also detailed other findings, including one of the world’s oldest turtle fossils, giant amphibians and armored crocodile relatives, which lived alongside evolutionary upstarts like frogs, turtles and pterosaurs.

2025
07/08
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Trump, Hegseth slam news coverage of US intel report on Iran attack, say B-2 pilots upset

President Donald Trump and Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth on Wednesday both tried to counter a preliminary U.S. intelligence assessment that the attack on three Iranian nuclear facilities did limited damage by claiming news accounts of the report demeaned the B-2 pilots who dropped the bombs.

Speaking at a news conference as he was set to leave the NATO summit in the Netherlands, Trump claimed the pilots are “devastated” by the suggestion the strikes were not a complete success.

He was asked several times Wednesday about the Defense Intelligence Agency’s initial assessment that the bombings of the Natanz, Isfahan and Fordo facilities likely set back Iran’s nuclear program by only a few months. He acknowledged the receipt of the report but noted it was incomplete.

He snapped back at reporters raising questions about it, repeating his claim Iran’s nuclear program was “obliterated,” and shifted the focus to the pilots who carried out the strike.

President Donald Trump, alongside secretary of Defense, Pete Hegseth and Secretary of State Marco Rubio speaks during a news conference at the NATO summit in The Hague, Netherlands, June 25, 2025.
“You should be praising those people instead of trying to find out by getting me by trying to go and get me. You’re hurting those people,” Trump told reporters.

Later Wednesday, in a Truth Social post, he said Hegseth would hold a news conference Thursday morning “in order to fight for the Dignity of our Great American Pilots.”

“They felt terribly! Fortunately for them and, as usual, solely for the purpose of demeaning PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP,” he said in part. “The News Conference will prove both interesting and irrefutable.”

The president claimed in his Netherlands news conference that he had received a call from Missouri, where the pilots are based, about the intelligence report and the news accounts about it, saying he had been told they were “devastated, because they were trying to minimize the attack.”

“I spoke to one of them. He said, ‘Sir, we hit the site. It was perfect. It was dead on,’ because they don’t understand fake news,” Trump said.

The Pentagon referred questions from ABC News to the White House.

Trump added about the pilots that “they were devastated. They put their lives on the line.”

Since Saturday’s attack, Trump and his officials have repeatedly praised the B-2 pilots for the mission but stepped up referencing them as part of the pushback on Wednesday. Hegseth, standing next to Trump, came to the microphone to argue news reporters and outlets “don’t care what the troops think.”

Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth speaks next to Secretary of State Marco Rubio and President Donald Trump during a press conference during a North Atlantic Treaty Organization Heads of State and Government summit in The Hague, June 25, 2025.
Nicolas Tucat/AFP via Getty Images

“These pilots, these refuelers, these fighters, these air defenders, the skill and the courage it took to go into enemy territory flying 36 hours on behalf of the American people in the world to take out a nuclear program is beyond what anyone in this audience can fathom,” Hegseth said.

At the same time, Hegseth and Trump downplayed the report’s initial findings about the damage.

“The report said what it said and it was fine. It was severe, they think, but they had no idea. They shouldn’t have issued a report until they did, but we’ve got the information,” Trump said.

Trump earlier cited an Israeli intelligence report that he insisted assessed the “strike on Fordo destroyed the site’s critical infrastructure and rendered the enrichment facility totally inoperable.”

Military officials have said there is no doubt the sites sustained significant damage, but that a “battle damage assessment” would take time to complete, as no Western officials have been able to personally inspect the sites as of Wednesday.

PHOTO: President Donald Trump speaks during a media conference at the NATO summit in The Hague, Netherlands, June 25, 2025.

Director of National Intelligence Tulsi Gabbard said in a statement posted on X late Wednesday that “Iran’s nuclear facilities have been destroyed,” and also slamming the news media. A source with knowledge of Gabbard’s assessment told ABC News her description came from new U.S. intelligence.

“The propaganda media has deployed their usual tactic: selectively release portions of illegally leaked classified intelligence assessments (intentionally leaving out the fact that the assessment was written with “low confidence”) to try to undermine President Trump’s decisive leadership and the brave servicemen and women who flawlessly executed a truly historic mission to keep the American people safe and secure,” she posted in part.

Hegseth contended that the preliminary reports and images spoke for themselves.

“So, if you want to make an assessment of what happened at Fordo, you better get a big shovel and go really deep because Iran’s nuclear program is obliterated and somebody somewhere is trying to leak something to say, ‘Oh, with low confidence we think maybe it’s moderate,” he claimed.

2025
06/26
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